In the land of Contracts, it should be no surprise that promises to make gifts and contracts between parties are treated differently. Want some examples from the book? Here are three lessons from the trade:
1. Imagine making a promise to donate $500 to your favorite charity. Now if Save the Whales in reliance on your promise buys ad space to protest the fishing industry and you renege on your promise, the courts may hold you accountable even though you promised to make a gift.
2. You are walking down Market St. and a perfectly clean, sober looking law student passes out from pure exhaustion in front of you. You, having taken that CPR course in community college start administering CPR. You, being awesome at everything you do, save them. Now you want some cash money.
Under the theory of Emergency Restitution you need to fulfill the following elements:
- Benefit conferred. Clearly met. You saved the exhausted student.
- Service was reasonably necessary. Met. Who knows what would have happened to the student if you walked by and did nothing.
- Consent was impossible. Met. The student was passed out.
- Intent to charge at the time you saved the student. Bummer. You being the good samaritan had no intent to charge thus no cash money for you.
3. It’s 1935, you’re working at a lumber mill cleaning the second floor in the usual manner by pushing giant blocks of wood off the ledge onto the ground floor. You are about to push a 75 lbs. pine block off the ledge when you see your boss standing directly below. There is no time for a warning, so what do you do. Clearly you fall with the block in order to push it to the side and avoid hitting the bossman. While you may have saved the boss you have suffered permanent injuries and become handicapped. The boss received a material benefit at your expense and promises to pay you $ 15 every two weeks for the rest of your life. However, he dies and the executor of his estate cuts you off. Eight years later, $15 probably lost some value but considering 100 aspirin cost $0.76 in 1940, he could buy 1,000 aspirin and still have almost half the money to spare.
So the estate cuts you off. Under emergency restitution you get nothing. What next. You bring suit to recover under promissory restitution since there was a) a benefit conferred on the boss; b) the boss made a promise in recognition of the benefit; and c) injustice would be avoided if the promise were enforced (you’d get your aspirin and then some). If you’re wondering, this was a true story (see Webb v. McGowin 27 Ala.App. 82 (1935)).
Note to self: think twice before you make your next promise and make sure you form an intent to charge.
N +S.